Homework -Due 13th October

October

Describe the following nail parts and State their function:

nail plate
nail bed
cuticle
matrix
lunula
free edge
nail grooves
nail wall
eponychium
hyponychium.



Describe the process of nail growth.

What factors may affect nail growth?

Describe their effect upon the appearance
of the nail.

State three contra-indications to nail extensions requiring medical referral and
describe their appearance.

What contra-indications restrict the application of artificial nail application?



State the potential risks that could occur through poor positioning of the client.

Why should client's nail plate be free of oil and moisture prior to the application of nail extensions?

What is the action of primer on the nail plate?

What considerations would you take into account when deciding on the choice of
nail extension system for a client?

What advice would you give to the client regarding the length of the artificial free edge?



What home-care advice should you give to a client regarding the maintenance of semi-permanent nail extensions?

State three products that should be recommended to the client for home use.

How often should the client be recommended to return to the salon for infill or maintenance routines?

Why is it important to read the manufacturer's instructions prior to using nail extension products?

How should artificial nails be removed?

Why is good ventilation important in the working area?


What is the correct procedure to carry out if the client develops an allergy to nail-extension products?


The following clients require nail extension services. Which type of nail extension system
would you choose for each client? Give reasons for your answer.

A bride who would like very natural-looking nails for her wedding day but who
must take them off soon after as her occupation does not permit her to wear
artificial nails.

A client who bites her nails and would like her nails to look nice for her two-week
summer holiday.

A client who has three broken nails and would like the short nails extended to
match the naturally long nails.

A client who is going on a week's holiday and would like her nails to look nice, but
whose occupation means that the nails must be removed immediately she returns.

Home work - Due October 13th 2008

Anatomy and physiology 25th October

1 Which systems of the body do the following treatments target?
• galvanic
• vacuum suction
• faradic.

Explain how each system is affected to achieve the treatment goals.

2 What is the relevance of the motor point when performing facial faradic treatment?

3 What effect does ageing have on skin tone? Which treatment applications would be restricted if the client had poor skin tone?

4 Label the illustration of the skin and discuss the function of each part labeled.

Electrical and mechanical treatment application 26th October
1 Why is a skin sensitivity test performed before treatment application?

2 Why is it beneficial to perform a preheating treatment before certain treatments such as faradic?

3 Which type of electrical current is used by
the following treatments?
• galvanic
• faradic
• micro-current.
When would you recommend a course of
electrical/mechanical treatments?


Aftercare 27th October
1 Is it important to give aftercare advice following treatment application?
2 Why is client feedback important following treatment?
3 State the specific aftercare advice that be given to a client following:
- facial galvanic
- body galvanic.
4 What information should be recorded on the client record card following treatment?

Health, safety and hygiene 28th October
1 Why is it important to refer clients to their identify a contra-indication, or if a contra-action occurs?
State three contra-could occur following electrical treatment, identifying the
- and the cause in each case
2 Which legislation are you responsible for implementing when performing electrical and mechanical treatments?
3 What action would you take to safeguard others in the event of faulty equipment? How often should electrical equipment be checked and by whom?
4 State four general electrical safety precautions which should be taken when using electrical equipment?

Case studies 29th October
Design a treatment plan for the following clients:
• A client who has a cellulite condition in the outer thigh area which she wishes to improve the appearance of.
• A client who has poor skin tone and poor muscle tone of the abdominal muscles, having recently lost two stone in weight.
• A client who wishes to receive a facial to improve the appearance of her greasy skin which is sallow in colour, with comedones and open pores.
• A client who shows visible signs of ageing, including slackening of muscle tone around the neck and eyes, and would like to achieve an improvement in the appearance of the skin in these areas.
Explain the type of treatment selected to include method and duration of application. The objectives and desirable outcomes of the treatment plan.

Homework - Due October 13th 2008

City and Guilds Advanced Diploma in Beauty Therapy – Christchurch Campus
Homework
October 18-22

October 18th
Make a large, labelled diagram to show the structure of the skin. Include on your diagram the five layers of the epidermis, a hair follicle, sweat and sebaceous glands, nerve endings and capillaries.

Describe the connective tissue of the dermis.

Which structures are found beneath the dermis?


Draw a large, labelled diagram to show a hair in its follicle. Label the inner and outer root sheath, sebaceous gland, arrector pili muscle, hair matrix, dermal papilla and the cuticle, cortex and medulla of the hair.

Describe the hair growth cycle.

What is the endocrine system?

What are the causes of superfluous hair growth?

October 19th
Name the three main types of blood vessels.

Which type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?

Why do veins have valves?

Why do all cells in the body need a blood supply?

Where does lymph come from and where does it go?

Name the lymph nodes on this diagram.

Describe erythema, what are its possible causes?

October 20th

Label the organs on this diagram of the digestive system.

Label the kidneys and bladder on this diagram of the renal system

What is the function of each?

Name the structure in the diagram.

What is its function?

Name the underlying muscle.

October 21st
In which areas of the body would you find each of the following bones?
tibia, carpal, vertebra, sternum, scapula, humerus, clavicle, femur,
phalange, cranium.

In which areas of the body would you find each of the following muscles?
deltoid, gastrocnemius, pectorals, hamstrings, tibialis anterior, gluteals, quadriceps,
rectus abdominus, latissimus dorsi.

State an action for each.

How is a tendon different from a ligament?

Describe the structure of voluntary muscle tissue.

What is meant by muscle tone and how can tone be lost or improved?


Name the type of joint found (a) in the cranium, (b) at the hip, (c) at the elbow.

At a synovial joint, what are the functions of the synovial fluid, ligaments and articular cartilage?

October 22nd
How do nerve impulses pass along nerve fibres?

How do nerves stimulate muscles to contract?

What is meant by the autonomic nervous system?

Name the main organs on the diagram of the respiratory system.

Where are the olfactory bulbs situated and what is their function?

Which area of the brain interprets the sensation of smell?

What is the importance of the limbic system to an aromatherapist?

Name the organs of the endocrine system on the diagram.

Name the hormones produced by each.

What effect does each hormone have in the body?

Conclusion for the week

I found my study on cellulite very interesting and rewarding.
I have now discovered what cellulite is and where it forms. I am now aware that it affects most women regardless of age, but mostly likely to form around the time of puberty. I now cannot just keep blaming my pregnancy for my cellulite, as I learnt we get cellulite from a combination of things, e.g.poor diet, lack of exercise, poor circulation, etc.
I have learnt why women get more cellulite than men. I believe that cellulite free creams and treatment won't get rid of cellulite but can help the problem.
My conclusion on 'Can I get rid of my cellulite?' is no and yes. If you are prepared to change your whole lifestyle and diet then you probably can ge trid of your cellulite. But if you keep missing your exercise classes or having that last chocolate, etc., then you won't get rid of your cellulite - but probably minimise the problem.

The way we live is really the ultimate cause of our cellulite.
'There is no miracle cure for cellulite'. I believe women today have to learn to accept themselves and love themselves because there is more to life than cellulite!

Cellulite fight back........................

There is no miracle cure for cellulite'. To fight back cellulite you have to change your lifestyle - maybe dramatically. Here are the main things you have to do to fight back cellulite or prevent cellulite.

Improve Your Diet - Eat (ots of fresh fruit and veges daily - this is a good way to eliminate trapped toxins and waste in the body. Avoid tinned,processed, refined, sugars, salts, butter, chesses, meats, poultry, coffee, teaand alcohol. Try to drink at least two glasses a day of (choose from) carrot,celery, cucumber, watercress, apple or orange. Best are freshly squeezed or a juice extractor and drunk immediately, before any vitamin C oxidises. Youshould also drink eight glasses of water daily. This will help cleanse your system and eliminates wastes.

Take Regular Exercise - Physical activity is especially good because it increases circulation which helps clear the tissues of toxin sludge. It also helps digestion, breathing and metabolism. It will certainly help prevent the formation of further cellulite even if it cannot totally cure an existing problem.

Take Care at Special Times - Most women seem to get a cellulite 'problem'when their bodies are undergoing great hormonal changes, for example when they first start taking the contraceptive pill, become pregnant, or going through menopause. At times like these you must take special care to eat agood diet, take regular exercise and gentle massage.

Proper Elimination - The body cleanses itself of waste materials through thekidneys, intestines and skin. Cleansing can be stimulated by increasing the amount of urine, by avoiding constipation, and by activating perspiration.When these three organs work overtime the breakdown of cellulite is spedup.

Have Regular Massages - Deep massage can help break down tissues and encourage and restore normal circulation in areas of cellulite.

Bath Time - A good cellulite treatment is an epsom salt bath which draws waste matter from the skin. Regular brushing your skin helps withcirculation and helps with your lymph system.

Clothing - Make sure clothes are comfortableand not constricting, particularly around thighs, buttocks and waist band.

Breathing & Oxygenation- Deep breathing is an excellent way to help burn up cellulite - causing wastes left in connective tissue. Because it bringsgreat amounts of oxygen into the body, deep breathing helps to purifythe blood and rid the system of toxic residues. Relaxation - Relaxation and a positive lifestyle can help. Research says stress, anxiety, depression andpoor sleeping habits are connected to the development of cellulite.These are steps that help fight back cellulite. When followed faithfullythese efforts will prove that you can do something to alleviate a distressing problem.

LIPOSUCTION

Liposuction
Liposuction is a relatively new procedure. When it was first introduced in1972 by a German plastic surgeon, it was taken up with great enthusiasm toremove enormous amounts of fat from obese people. This led to manyserious complications, even death. The problems were widely publicised andgave liposuction a very bad reputation.

Since then liposuction has been mainly used for the correction of specificbody contour problems, for example, for people who are not obese but havefat deposits on the thighs which are difficult to lose by dieting and exercisealone. Liposuction is not a weight-reducing procedure. It has become safeand effective. Also it can be performed in a doctor's office.

The best way to determine whether you would benefit from liposuction is todo the 'pinch test'. If you can comfortably pick up a fold of skin which isseparate from the underlying muscle, liposuction may give you the desireeffect of removing the excess fat you feel between your fingers.

Such fat collections occur most commonly in women on the side of thethighs, above the knees and somethings around the ankles. In these areasthe overlying skin is fairly thick and the initial slackness after liposuction willtone up well. Generally the younger you are, the quicker the skin returns tonormal. In places where the skin is thin, like beneath the chin, the upperarm, breast, abdomen, or inner thighs, the skin will become quiet slack afterfat removal and will tone up more slowly. This is especially true in olderpeople. In these cases, liposuction has to be combined with surgical removalof the excess skin, which can leave visible scars. The face and breast aredifferent, as removal of excess skin is usually combined with a face-lift orbreast reduction. The incisions can be hidden under the chin or the breastsgiving excellent results.
Cellulite may not be helped by liposuction. Cellulite refers to the puckeredappearance of the skin in some areas of fat deposition such as the thighs.Liposuction helps more by removing some of the fact and breaking up someof the strands in between, but not the removal ofcellulite.
Liposuction

How Liposuction is Performed
Liposuction can be performed under either local or general anesthetic.depending on the amount of fat to be removed. Liposuction is a fairlypainful procedure. Most doctors will give you antibiotic tablets to take as aprecaution to prevent infection.
When the procedure is performed an anesthetic and sterile fluid is injectedinto the area. When the area is numb, a tiny cut is made in the skin. A long,thin hollow tube, which is connect to a pump, is inserted. When the pump isactivated, fat is removed. Afterwards a pressure dressing is applied.

Side Effects & Complications
Bruising and discomfort can be expected during the first few weeks aftersurgery. Less commonly, discomfort maybe experienced for several months.Avoiding strenuous exercise and wearing support garments will help toreduce the pain that is experienced.
A study of 10,000 cases of liposuction showed only 3% of minorcomplications such as irregularity, local bleeding and prolonged swelling, andonly 0.5% showed more serious complications, which included blood loss,infection, damage to underlying organs and clots.
'Liposuction will not remove cellulite'

Cellulite part 4

Treatments for Cellulite

Anti-Cellulite Creams
If you want to use those creams with massage movements, that's okay. It
will properly condition, moisturise your skin as well as your skin feeling soft
and smooth. But don't count on products alone to solve your problem - they
won't. In fact, on the product packaging they strongly recommend in their
literature that you follow a sensible diet and exercise programme along with
their product. Beware of suspicious brands with extravagant claims. The
more miraculous, the less likely they are to do anything for you. To this day
there are no miracle cures'. Cellulite can only be treated effectively from the
inside out with a total approach. However massage is very beneficial to our
skin and cellulrte. The history of massage itself goes back thousands of years
as far back as the beautiful Egyptians, who had their bodies regularly
massaged with roses, almond oil, honey, and essential oils.
Massaging has several beneficial effects upon the body. Blood vessels nearest
the skin's surface dilate which helps the blood to circulate, it speeds up the
circulation and the function of the lymphatic glands which encourages them
to throw off toxins, it helps make the connective skin tissues of the body
more supply, it calms the nervous system, relaxes the body and helps smooth
the dimply cellulite areas, it firms up the tissues of the skin and speeds up
biological changes by the continuous stimulation of the cells. Depending on
the thickness of the cellulite, work 10 to 20 minutes on a particular area.
There are five massage movements used to help breakdown cellulite. They
are stroking, kneading, knuckling, petrisage, and wringing. Each as a specific
value in the prescribed order and performs a different function.

There are a range of other treatments for cellulite to be found in beauty salons, clinics
or health farms:

Jacuzzi or Whirlpool Bath - Is very good for massaging different parts of
your body, stimulating the skin and blood supply, improving skin tone,
loosening joints, and relaxing muscles. You can put essential oils or seaweed
in the pool.

Vacuum Suction - This is very good for breaking down fatty tissue deposits,
toxins and waste.

G5 - This machine is quite effective when combined with the vacuum suction,
particularly on large areas. This helps with lymphatic draining.

Body Galvanic Machine - lontophoesis - The diuretic effects these gels have
helps release the trapped body fluids causing a smoothing out of the dimpled
appearance. This machine also works well in conjunction with vacuum suction.

Saunas - The heat of a sauna can be very relaxing, soothing and helps deep cleanse the skin from toxins and waste.

Reflexology - Helps balance the body and helps with your overall well-being.
Home Treatments

Salt Baths - This bath helps promote better circulation along with speedy elimination of wastes through the newly opened pores of the skin.

Skin Brushing - Greatly improve circulation in the capillaries. Improves lymphatic flow.

These treatments on their own will not get rid of cellulite but having regular treatments with a balance diet and exercise will minimise cellulite.

Cellulite and Teenagers

Many of the habits that later contribute to the development of cellulite
becomes firmly established during the teen years. The lifestyle of a teenager
often does not involve healthy eating habits and physical activity. On top of
that there is quite a bit of tension that arises from school, family and
friends. It is not always an easy time.
Teenagers often eat 'on the run' or skip meals entirely. Their social life or
other activities seem to be more important than sitting down and relaxing
while having a healthy meal. It is not unusual in high schools for bags of
chips, candy bars, pies, pizzas, fish and chips, ice creams, and fizzy drinks to
be served as lunch.
Fast food is also a major problem and one that is somewhat difficult to avoid
as it leads an important part of a teenager's lifestyle.
Whether a girl learns to love or hate her body at this time can make a critical
difference in the years to come. Experiments with fad diets often begin
during these years when a girl is extremely sensitive to the natural changes
in her body.
Studies show that two thirds of pre-high school girls are on diets. Cycles or
starving and bingeing are often established in this way and later on may be
difficult to escape. A study showed only 20% of high school girls had never
dieted and 63% of high school girls never ate normally. It is therefore fairly
obvious that a lot of imbalances, future problems and bad habits begin right
here.
Poor food choices and bad combinations put a great deal of stress on the
digestive system as well as on the endocrine glands. When young we seem to
be able to get away with anything, but this abuse leads to difficulties later
on.

Society and Attitudes To Cellulite

Some doctors today deny that cellulite exists or is a real problem. But as
many of us know all too well, it really does exist and it is a major problem to
some women. These days that cellulite is part of most modern women's
vocabulary, yet at the same time its meaning is not well understood.
Obesity, fat, extra calories and cellulite are all terms people associate with
each other.
In the 1990's people are very conscious of their body shape and size. Society
puts women under great pressure to make them feel like they have to look
like the super models, e.g. in magazines, t.v., videos, etc., which is constantly
around us everyday. Some women feel they have to cover or hide their
bodies because they are ashamed of their cellulite. They will go to great
lengths to hide their cellulite by not wearing bikinis, shorts, shirts and
wearing long trousers and long shirts - even when it is hot. In some women
it can really effect their self confidence. Some women don't ever sit right
because of their cellulite. They tend to sit at the edge of a chair with their
toes on the ground but with their heels lifted up. It can effect different
women in different ways.
I really believe women are their own worst enamies - because if you ask men
what cellulite is most of them just don't know. There are some women (a
small amount) that don't even care - they say everyone will or has got it; or
its apart of getting older; or if they had the time and money like the
super-models they wouldn't have it either.
Men today are becoming aware of their bodies, but still not the way women
do. Talking to some men they get upset when women keep criticising their
bodies and are always on diets. Most men prefer a women with a bit of extra
adipost tissues and a women who is happy with her body and does not always
hide it.
Most men say it is a women's appearance that first attracted them to a
women, but after getting to know a women it is definitely a women's
personality - cellulite doesn't enter into it.
Looking back over the years, cellulite has only been a recognisable problem in
the last 20 years. The older generation was not conscious of it. Maybe it is
due to all the fast food and processed foods we tend to have these days.
Because they never had McDonalds or KFC back then.
Today women have to watch what they eat and do regular exercise. But the
most important thing to remember is 'To learn to love yourself and be
happy for what you are'.

Cellulite cont:

Cellulite Test
This is for all the lucky people who don't know what cellulite is.

Visually cellulite and fat are very different. Regular fat when squeezed is
smooth in texture and in appearance - it does not show any ripples or lumps.
You can test your cellulite possibilities even if it is not obvious. To discover
if you have a cellulite problem, there is one simple test which cannot fail.

How to Test
Press (or squeeze) the tissues between the thumb and index finger or
between the palms of both hands.
If cellulite is present the skin ripples and looks like an orange peel - if you
couldn't see the cellulite you may not have it. Or try laying both hands flat
on one thigh about three inches apart with fingers pointing towards the
knee. Push the hands towards one another and early cellulite will show up
on the squeezed piece of flesh.
At more advanced stages the ripples will be noticeable without applying any
pressure. The tissues will be flabby and sensitivity no longer present in most
cases.

Where Cellulites Appears:
Upper back, just below the shoulder blades
Inside & back of the upper arm
lower back
Hips
Buttocks
Inner, upper, back part of the thigh
Inside knees
Ankles


Why We Get Cellulite?
There are several factors as to why we get cellulite - not just one main
reason but a combination of things. Cellulite is a kind of poisoning of the
connective tissue. Our bodies have a marvelous system for elimination of
wastes, e.g. lungs, liver, kidneys, intestines and the skin. When the body is
abused the normal process of elimination is unable to flush out the wastes
and toxins and accumulate. Common poisons can be every day goodies that
are all right in moderation but devastating in excess.
The way we live is really the ultimate cause of cellulite. Yes, that's right, we
cause the problem - it does not just happen to us. It is important to keep in
mind that the human body constantly strives for balance and harmony. We
are the ones who upset it's delicate ways. Once you become aware of all the
things we do to create this problem, you can minimise your cellulite:

* Diet (poor eating habits)
* Genetics
* Hormonal changes
* Lack of exercise
* Stress/tension
* Poor posture
* Poor circulation
* Sedentary living
* Crossed legs
* Wearing high heels
* Restrictive garments
* Polluted air
* Sluggish digestion
* Constipation
* Poor breathing
* Insufficient water intake.

Diet - The quantity of food that we eat is not by itself responsible for
cellulite but the quality of the food is. A lack of essential nutrients - the
result of poor food choices, sloppy eating habits, and other dietary abuses
will, over a period of time, create imbalances at cell level and set off a chain
reaction that will lead directly to cellulite. For example: 'Convenience or
processed foods - short on nutrients and rich in fats, sugar and salt, not to
mention the loads of chemicals used in preparation'.

Genetics - There is no doubt that we all 'inherit' a lifestyle from our families.
The attitudes, ideas and values that we leam at an early age often stay with
us through our lives. The way in which food is prepared and eaten is
certainly part of this package - so is an attitude toward exercise and other
physical activity. In other words, these acquired habits are far more likely to
lead us in the direction of developing cellulite than any particular genetic
factor or what we call 'heredity' and which we tend to blame entirely too many things on.

Hormonal Changes - Female hormones play a role in creating cellulite.
There are certainly times in a women's life when hormones are especially active, puberty,
pregnancy, menopause and in some cases cellulite forming is activated or
encouraged by high hormonal activity. It is important to bear in mind, however, that
hormones only set the stage - we do the rest.

Exercise - a lack of good muscle tone can be a major contributing factor to a
cellulite problem. Typically cellulite develops in those areas where muscles
are under-used and underdeveloped. For example a lack of tone in the
aluteus (the heavy muscle that supports the buttock) will cause the muscle
to sag. By strengthening the gluteal muscle we can 'lift' the buttock reducing
its sagginess and/or bulging appearance. Lack of exercise is still a problem in
a majority of people today.

Stress - Proper healthy functioning of the body depends upon efficient
physiology - digestion, circulation, breathing and elimination. Stress can
interfere with all of these functions to a greater or lesser degree. Stress
affects our endocrine glands, especially the adrenal, which regulates water
balance in the body. Stress often leads to overeating or bingeing, disturbed
sleep patterns, and energy levels. In other words our entire physiology is
thrown off balance by stress, tension and anxiety.

Poor Posture - Sitting or walking slouched over compresses the body's
organs so that they function less efficiently, this in turn puts additional
strain on the circulatory system, leading to a vicious circle. Anything that
will slow down or interfere with normal blood flow will act as a contributing
factor to cellulite.

Poor Circulation - Poor circulation plays a big role in creating the right
environment for cellulite to develop and grow. When circulation is sluggish
this results in congestion, capillaries weaken and excess seepage takes place,
which causes a build-up of fluids in the tiny spaces between cells. The
circulation of the capillaries must function very efficiently for the best
nourishment and minimal fluid stagnation. While cellulite seems to collect in
areas with poor circulation, once it forms it compounds the problem even
more. We should not sit down for long periods of time.

Sedentary Living - For many of us, sitting for long hours is a daily reality.
We often tend to prolong this inactivity in our leisure hours - too much time
spent in restaurants, at the movies, watching t.v. and just sitting around,
which results in the serious problems - poor circulation, shallow breathing,
sluggish lymph flow and faulty digestion.

Crossed Legs - Sitting with legs crossed directly interferes with circulation in
the lower limbs by putting pressure on the main vein that runs along the
inner thigh.

Wearing High Heels - Wearing improper shoes for hours on end constricts
the calf muscles and interferes with the blood flow. The artificial positioning
caused by high heels forces realignment of the entire body.

Restrictive Garments - Wearing tight clothing, belts and underwear that cut'
into the flesh will cause fluids to collect immediately above or below that
point. Over a period of time this will create bulges and dents in the figure.
Furthermore, by giving the illusion or support these garments will bring
about a slackening of muscles.

In addition, pregnancy, pre-menstrual. bloating and constipation all cause
an increase of volume in the lower abdomen and interfere with circulation
in the legs.


Who Gets Cellulite?
Cellulite can usually appear at your first menstrual cycle, or it may make its
first appearance much later in life around menopause. Cellulite can appear
at any age.
Hormones play an important part in the formation of cellulite. The female
ovary secretes two hormones, estrogen and progesterone. Both these
hormones play a crucial role in a women's menstrual cycle. Estrogen causes
water retention while progesterone helps to combat it. If all is well the
result is a healthy balance. But if this balance is upset by a hormonal excess
by an increase of estrogen then water, fat, toxic wastes are retained in the
connective tissue. The whole situation is made worse if, in addition, you have
poor circulation.
Each month during a woman's menstrual cycle, there are several natural
fluctuations in the level of female hormones.

Twelve Per Cent - of cellulite is formed at puberty. In female adolescence
the ovary begins to function and at this time there is a total upheaval of all
the hormones that will eventually transform the girlish figure into a
womanly form.

Seventeen Per Cent - of cellulite forms during pregnancy. When pregnant,
the system is flooded with the estrogen hormone that favours water
retention and results in bloating. Also the unusual stress on the body
interferes with proper blood circulation in the veins and often causes
constipation, and cellulite is likely to form.

Twenty Seven Per Cent - of cellulite is formed pre-menopause. From about
the age of forty onwards, the production level of estrogen remains constant.
however, the production of progesterone diminishes and the imbalance
causes water retention. Gynecologists can counteract this by prescribing
progesterone treatment which restores the hormonal balance, thus slowing
up the production of cellulite in women over the age of forty. The removal
of the ovaries can also, of course, upset the hormonal balance.

Nineteen Per Cent - of cellulite occurs when oral contraceptives are taken.
Some years ago it was discovered that weight gain and the onset of cellulite
was common in women when they started taking the pill, particularly the
high dose pill which was prescribed in the 1960s and 1970s. However,
today's pill with its precise dosage and low estrogen content, means that the
rise of water retention and the weight gain is far lower than it once was.
Women who suffer from obesity and cellutite can take a progesterone only
pill.

Although cellulite is generally regarded as a women's problem, men can and
do develop it. In fact, most adult men struggle with cellulite without giving it a specific name possibly because in men it is not located in the same areas, nor does it have the same
appearance as in women. While excess fat on women accumulates on the hips and thighs,
on men it collects above around the waist. Naturally it makes sense that
the same factors or at least many of the same factors will lead to cellulite:
poor nutritional habits,
sedentary living,
stress,
poor
circulation,
restrictive garments such as a belt worn in the same place for years will lead to stubborn
pockets of fat and cellulite.
What's more, these bulges are just as hard for men to lose as women's lumpy hips and thighs.
Men do not get as much cellulite as women because women have more than twice the fatty tissue than men. Generally 24% of women's weight is fat and only 11% of men's
weight is fat.

cellulite part 3

Food and Cellulite

Cellulite is definitely a disturbance in the body's natural chemistry and this is
why it responds to treatments from the inside out and not to the external
methods alone.

Fat is not necessarily part of the cellulite syndrome, still cellulite is most
often present will excess fat. Obesity or just plain unwanted fat is caused by
poor nutrition, while the body is starving for nutrients it requires more and
more food to feel satisfied. We know that poor nutrition sets off a chain
reaction that leads to cellulite. Extra weight as well as the weight regained
after ineffective dieting cycles, will place a strain on the connective fibres,
collagen and elastin. Eventual weakening of these fragile fibres will make
cellulite more visible because this will result in sagging or drooping of the
skin.
Because cellulite is not regular fat, even the stingiest diets fail. On a low
calorie diet, fat will come off in many areas, but cellulite bulges will remain.
Cellulite does not burn up like normal fat. Here are the foods that must be
strictly avoided to become cellulite free as these foods pollute the system and
are rarely eliminated without leaving toxic residues. They are also highly
salted.

* Meat - pork, sausages, bacon, corned beef.
* Seafood - salami, tuna fish, smoked fish.
* Dairy products - butter, cheese, ice creams.
* Fats - chips, pizzas, fast foods.
* Sugar, chocolate, biscuits, lollies.
* Salt - preserved foods.
* Fluid intake - coffee, tea, beer, wine £r spirits..

Since cellulite forms in the adipose (fat) tissue, it is to our advantage to try
to keep this layer to a minimum. A 'good body* is a healthy body, one that
has tight muscles and firm flesh with no extra bloating, puffiness or
padding. It is fit and glowing with vitality.

To have a cellulite free body you have to eat lots of:
* Fresh vegetables.
* Fresh fruit.
* Whole grains.
* Drink plenty of pure water - 6 to 8 glasses a day.


Eating these foods with restore sodium-potassium in tissues, correct nutritional deficiencies
that lead to cellulite, clear up congestion in tissue spaces, nourish and cleanse the body, heal and
repair tissues, prevent or eliminate water retention, promote weight loss or maintain ideal weight, and
keep energy levels high. Water is the ultimate purifier of the body, the total cleanser that keeps
everything flowing and in balance. Water will hydrate and gradually detoxify your body.
Do not even consider going on a diet that you couldn't live with for the rest of
your life. A diet is not something you 'go on' for a few weeks or few
months - it's a way to eat forever.'

'You are what you eat.'


Exercise and Cellulite
Exercise shapes and maintain a lean and well proportioned body. To get
maximum results, two types of exercise are needed. 'Body Shapers' -
powerful isolated movements which concentrate on specific parts of the
body. This will firm, lift and tighten muscles. 'Whole Body Conditioners'
often called 'gerobics' - speeds up your metabolism and circulation and
promotes deep breathing. These two kinds of exercise work together to keep
cellulite from settling in and spreading out.

Body Shapers - Your Muscles

Your muscles give shape and contour to the body as well as tone and
firmness. When muscles are exercised often and properly they keep the arms
firm, the waistline tight and small, the abdomen flat, the thighs slim and
shapely, and the buttocks round and uplifted.
Unused muscle tissue tends to soften, weaken and sag creating unwanted
bulges and lumps. However, good muscle tone is also essential for our
physiology. It is vital to good circulation, which is responsible for
transporting oxygen and nutrients to our cells and removing wastes from
them. Muscles are also energy burners. The better shape they are in the
more efficient they will be at burning fat and calories.
When muscles are not exercised regularly they waste away - 'use it or lose it'.
Under muscled people are at a much higher risk of becoming fat and cellulite
prone.

Whole Body Conditioners - Aerobics

Overall conditioning is essential to health fitness and your figure. Such a
simple thing as brisk walking is surely one of the easiest, safest and most
convenient ways of getting a whole body workout. Any aerobic exercise such
as swimming, hiking, cross-country running, skiing, and skating, will do
wonders to boost circulation of blood and lymph flow.

Collagen renewal also gets a boost from regular aerobic activity. The rise in
skin temperature stimulates the production of collagen and this results in
smoother, younger looking skin with improved tone and elasticity. This is an
obvious benefit to becoming cellulite free.

When to Exercise

Exercise should never be a chore that you put off until tomorrow or the day
after. It should be a pleasant, easy, convenient, and permanent part of your
life. It is a good idea to exercise at the same time everyday as this assures
that it will become a habit - an enjoyable habit that gives you pleasure,
satisfaction and a sense of well-being.
Before doing exercise don't forget to stretch. This will maintain your
flexibility. We are all born flexible as we grow older, however, this natural
flexibility gradually diminishes. The more we sit, the faster our muscles and
joints lose their full range of motion, making us look and feel older than we are.
Stretching should be before and after exercising. Stretching is a form of
'breathing for your muscles and connective tissue'.
When exercising don't forget to breath. Deep breathing often helps
to cleanse the body of toxins and waste.
Now you can understand if you want to become cellulite free - exercise
plays an important part.

Homework for the week October 11th - 15th

Homework 11-15 October

October 11th
1. Describe the following nail parts and
discuss their function:

nail plate
nail bed
cuticle
matrix
lunula
free edge
nail grooves
nail wall
eponychium
hyponychium.


2. Describe the process of nail growth.
3. What factors may affect nail growth?

October 12th
1. State three contra-indications to nail extensions requiring medical referral and describe their appearance.
2. What contra-indications restrict the application of artificial nail application?
3. Discuss the potential risks that could occur through poor positioning of the client.
4. Why should client's nail plate be free of oil and moisture prior to the application of nail extensions?
5. What is the action of primer on the nail plate?
6. What considerations would you take into account when deciding on the choice of nail extension system for a client?
7. What advice would you give to the client regarding the length of the artificial free edge?

October 13th
1. What home-care advice should you give to a client regarding the maintenance of semi-permanent nail extensions?
2.State three products that should be recommended to the client for home use.
3. How often should the client be recommended to return to the salon for infill or maintenance routines?

October 14th
1 Why is it important to read the manufacturer's instructions prior to using nail extension products?
2. How should artificial nails be removed?
3. Why is good ventilation important in the working area?
4. What is the correct procedure to carry out if the client develops an allergy to nail-
extension products?

October 15th
The following clients require nail extension services. Which type of nail extension system
would you choose for each client? Give reasons for your answer.
1 A bride who would like very natural-looking nails for her wedding day but who
must take them off soon after as her occupation does not permit her to wear
artificial nails.

2 A client who bites her nails and would like her nails to look nice for her two-week
summer holiday.

3 A client who has three broken nails andwould like the short nails extended to
match the naturally long nails.

4 A client who is going on a week's holiday and would like her nails to look nice, but
whose occupation means that the nails must be removed immediately she returns.

Cellulite

Cellulite - several years ago I didn't even know what it was, now seven years
later with a four year old I am covered in cellulite on the top of my legs.
My research on cellulite is to find out what cellulite is, why we get cellulite,
where cellulite forms, why women get more cellulite than men, and if the
cellulite free treatments really work! I also want to know if there is a way to
fight back cellulite.
Those people who don't know if they have cellulite can take the cellulite test -
Good Luckl *wink*
'Like most women today I want to know if I can get rid of my cellulite"

What Is Cellulite?
Does it or doesn't it exist? Doctors continue to argue about this but as far as
the individual woman is concerned, it is a very real problem.
Cellulite (pronounced cell-u-leet) is the name given to areas of fat that are
hard to lose and have a dimpled, lumpy appearance under the skin. This
condition of fatty deposits was first termed 'cellulite' by the Swedes.

How Cellulite is Formed
All the muscles of the body are wrapped in a padding of fatty connective
tissue. This padding, which varies in thickness, gives he female figure its
roundness and soft contour. The round fatty cells of the padding are held in
place by a network of fibres. The network of fibres are constantly being
nourished with liquids, water, blood and lymphatic fluid. The liquids carry
oxygen and nutrients through the tissues and also cleanses then of water.
The free flow of the liquids assures this process. A change occurs when the
waste removal process is slowed down. As a result the connective tissue is
saturated with water and trapped toxins, and wastes thicken, harden and
form immovable pockets. As a result you may have poor circulation,
inefficient elimination due to constipation or weak functioning of the kidney
and liver which produces bulge and puff up to produce the 'orange peel'
texture - cellulite.

Types of Cellulite
1 Solid form.
2 Soft form.

Solid Form - Sometimes it is difficult to visually recognise solid or soft
cellulite straight away. This form of thick cellulite sticks to the muscles. It is
difficult to lift the cellulite away from the underlying structures. By
squeezing or pressing the tissues you will notice that they are very sensitive
to touch. This is because some of the nerve endings have become
compressed. Skin can be dry, rough and stretch marks may start to appear.

Skin can be dry, rough and stretch marks may start to
appear. The flexible elastic fibres enables our skin to move,
stretch and contract, however, when fibres are stretched
too much or a long period of time they rupture leaving
scar like traces. This is the same form as stretch marks in
pregnancy. Usually in young women in good physical
condition, anyone with firm well tones tissues (athletic
type). It is very common among dancers.

Soft Form - Soft cellulite is neither compact nor
concentrated like solid cellulite. It tends to be in large
areas, is loose and seems to float between muscle and skin.
Unlike the solid form, soft cellulite has great mobility,
sliding easily over muscle. Because it is loose it hangs and
sags in folds and flabby bulges. Usually found on women
who have not been active for a long time. Their tissue
lacks firmness, skin is soft, muscle tone is poor and
sometimes non-existent. Veins also dilate easily. Crash
diets can cause this type of cellulite due to the great
amount of weight that is lost in a short time, and the skin
and muscles loose their elasticity and firmness and because
soft and saggy.
Cellulite is not regular fat, even the skinniest people may
have cellulite. It won't burn off like normal fat.

So how can you get rid of cellulite? - You'll have to log back in tomorrow to find out :)

Conclusion for the week

Hirsutism is excessive terminal hair growth in androgen sensitive areas. Females are effected, both young and old, and the condition can socially inhibit anyone who is a sufferer.
Hormones are produced by the reproductive organs within the endocrine system and are released and transported through the blood stream. The hormones respond to receptor sites of end organs, ie the hair follicle.These hormones may influence the hair to change colour or to grow weaker or stronger. The hair follicle is known to respond to allchanges in the body caused by hormonal influence. Changes such as pregnancy, adolescence and menopause are all normal stages in life which effect hormonal imbalance. Ovarian cysts and other illnesses such as gland malfunction, ie the adrenal gland, disrupt hormonal output of the ovaries. Excessive hair growth may be a result of such ailments.
The general hair pattern of each individual is hereditary therefore ethnic groups have varying levels of hair growth.
There are numerous methods of hair removal available. If a patientonly suffers from a mild condition of hirsutism then electrolysis orwaxig may be considered. If hair gowth is heavy and local measures arenot appropriate, drug treatments are available. The two main anti-androgen treatments, spironolactone and cyproterone, are given for a minimum period of six to twelve months. It may take years rather than months for adequate results.
Usually a lifelong condition for woman of all ages, Hirsutism is a common problem in todays society.

OTHER FACTORS CAUSING HAIR GROWTH

New hair growth is caused by hormone stimulation combined with
increased levels of blood supply.

Causes of hair growth can be organized into four catergories:

1. Systematic causes

2. Congenital causes

3. Topical causes

4. Pathological disorders

SYSTEMATIC CAUSES

The endocrine system plays a very important role in hair growth. The
glands activity increases during puberty, pregnancy and menopause.
Multiple cysts on the ovaries can distrupt hormone balances enough to
cause excess hair. Malfunction of the adrenal gland also causes
excessive hair growth. All changes and functions which occur within
the endocrine system are systematic.

CONGENITAL CAUSES

The general hair pattern of each individual is hereditary, therefore
ethnic origins must be taken into consideration. With the realisation
that genetic factors differ from culture to culture, all ethnic groups
have less or more hair than others. However, these genetic factors are
affected by topical causes, ie: plucking.

TOPICAL CAUSES

Hair receives nourishment from the blood. When the hair follicles are
irritated, ie: tweezed out, an increased supply of blood is suddenly
surged to the area. Increased blood supply also stimulates hair growth
resulting in the hair to grow back a little stronger in order to
protect the skin against fufcher irritation.

PATHOLOGICAL DISORDERS:

Changes which occur in tissues and body fluids due to diseases cause
hormonal imbalances.

CUSHINGS SYNDROME - (Caused by prolonged medications)

Glands are stimulated by various drugs, ie: the contraceptive pill,
therefore resulting in excessive amounts of hormones. Tumors in the
pituitary gland disrupt hormone balance.

ADRENOGENITAL SYNDROME

The adrenal cortex is unable to utilise chemial materials needed in the
breaking down of cortisones (hormone produced in the adrenal gland).
Androgens are produced instead resulting in females producing male
characteristics, ie: development of a beard or moustache, a deep voice
and genitalia tending to become masculine.

ACROMEGALY

A growth in the pituitary gland produces excessive facial hair.


THE EFFECTS OF INCREASED LEVELS OF ANDROGENS

Responses vary from inidvidual to individual. Some woman may not
respond to even the slightest increase of androgen levels while others,
with similar androgen levels, may suffer from darker of thicker hair
growth. Hair follicles that may have been lying dormant may become
active and produce hair.

An increase of androgens may also be responsible for active sebaceous
glands resulting in oily skin or acne, the thinning of scalp hair and
receeding hair lines may occur. Many woman find it incredibly
difficult to keep their weight levels down and may also suffer from
irregular periods.

DIAGNOSIS

Hirsutism is usually decided by the patient whether or not hair growth
is excessive. For example, a woman with a few stray hairs on her chin
may be in a very distressed state whereas another woman may have a
moustache and not be concerned at all. The doctor decides whether the
patient is right or wrong.

From a medical point of view, hirsutism is diagnosed by clinical
scoring. For example,excessive hair growth can effect nine sexually
sensitive areas. Each area is marked on a scale of zero to four (four
representing heavy hair growth). A score higher than eight determines
hirsutism. However this method does not consider the distress felt by
some women who rate low on the scale.

Hirsutism may also be investigated by obtaining a blood test which
measures the levels of testosterone in the body. If testosterone
levels are normal than it is unlikely that hair growth will develop.
If the results show an increase in testosterone levels, an ultrasound
scan of the ovaries will be required. This scan allows the doctor to
visualize the abdomen internally.

If excessive hair growth has appeared recently, testosterone levels are
extremely high and genital changes have occurred, a catheter study will
be required. A catheter is a fine plastic tube which is inserted into
a vein in the groin. Hormonal levels from the ovaries and adrenal
glands are measured from blood samples. Blood samples are taken and
adrenal glands are measured. This procedure shows up a any signs of
a tumour as this abnormal growth effects hormonal levels.


Understanding the growth cycle of hair and the functions of the
endocrine system determines which methods of hair removal are
appropriate in delaying hair growth.

If the patient has no serious hormonal abnormality and hirsutism is
only mild, there may not be a need for treatment. Local methods such
as shaving, waxing or electrolysis maybe considered. However, the only
permanent method of hair removal is using that of an electric current.
The galvanic method uses a direct current in conjunction with saline
solution, (salt plus water combined) to destroy the hair follicle.

The elements of the saline solution change entirely to new substances
when direct current is applied to saline. The new substances, hydrogen
gas, chlorine gas and sodium hydroxide are referred to as lye. Lye is
highly caustic and will have a destructive action on the hair when the
needle is inserted into the tissue.

The client holds a bar which is connected to the positive side of the
galvanic equipment. The bar needs to be covered with absorbent
material which has been soaked in saline in order for the direct
current to flow and to achieve an electrical circuit in the body. The
operator holding the needle, is connected to the negative side of the
galvanic equipment. The needle is then inserted into the hair follicle
with the curent turned up to two milliamps. The needle is inserted in
the follicle for approximately 30 to 90 seconds. The stronger the hair,
the longer the insertion. Although painful and slow, this.method is
very effective.

The Diathermy method is the most commonly used form of electrical hair
removal treatment. The needle is inserted underneath the hair follicle
and a high frequency current of 27.12 magahertz (MHz) is realeased by
the pushing of a button on the probe or a foot pedal. The root of the
hair is effectively burned by heat which is caused by the current
passed through the needle.

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

In order to understand how the Endocine System effects hair growth, an
account of what makes up the endocrine system and how this system
functions is necessary.
The endocrine system is a group of ductless glands that regulate bodily
processes by their secretion of chemical substances called hormones.
These hormones act as messangers as they are carried to specific target
organs and tissues, via the blood stream. Some hormones may show their
effects immediately , (ie: adrenalin) while others may take several
years to produce any effects (ie: growth).

The Endocrine System is comprised of the following glands:

THE PITUITARY GLAND
* Also known as the master gland, as it has influence over several other glands.

THE PINEAL GLAND
* Either inhibits or regulates the processes of the pituitary gland and the sex glands (referred to as gonads) until puberty. This gland also coordinates circandian rhythms.

THE PARATHYROID GLAND - (There are four).
* Secretes the hormone known as parathormone. This gland controls and raises the bodies calcium levels.

THE THYROID GLAND
* Effects growth and metabolism, ie: growth of nerve fibres. Reduces levels of calcium in the blood.

THE ADRENAL GLANDS - (There are two).
* Responsible for adrenaline seretion. This hormone (adrenaline) stimulates heart rate and blood pressure.

THE ISLETS OF LANGBRHANS IN THE PANCREAS
* There are three cell types found throughout the pancreas:

Alpha Cells - Secretes the hormone glucagon (converts glycogen to glucose).

Beta Cells - Secretes the hormone insulin (converts glucose to glycogen, reducing glucose levels in the blood).

Delta Cells - Secrete the hormone somatostatin (inhibits the secretion of other hormones, ie: growth).

THE SEX GLANDS - (two ovaries , two testes)
* These glands will be discussed in detail as the hormones secreted
from these glands play a major role in excessive hair growth.

THE OVARIES
The female reproductive glands produce two female hormones, oestrogen
and progesterone, which are responsible in the development of the
reproductive organs and controlling the menstrual cycle. The ovaries
also produce a minimal amount of one particular male hormone known as
androgen. An excess of androgens can cause superfluous hair growth.

The male hormones which cause hair growth in female come from:
- the adrenal glands
- the ovaries
- fat which converts other hormones to male hormones

The adrenal glands secrete androgens when the baby is in the womb but
production ceases shortly after birth and lays dormant until the onset
of puberty. On commencement of puberty, the adrenal glands wake up
and begin producing male hormones once more. Hair follicles (the end
organs) are stimulated therefore resulting in hair growth ie: pubic
hair and hair under the armpits. Excessive amounts of androgens or
sensitive end organs results in superfluous hair growth.

THE TESTES
The male reproductive glands produce hormones collectively known as
androgens. The testicles produce several other steriod hormones
(hormones made up of lipid compounds) which may, in some cases, behave
like mild oestrogens. Testosterone is the chief male hormone which is
responsible for male sexual characteristics.
Although females produce dominating amounts of
determine female characteristics) and males produce
of androgens (which determine male charcteristics)
oestrogens (which dominating amounts both sexes produce
male and female hormanes to some degree.

RESPONSES OF THE END ORGANS
The internal secretions which occur within the endocrine system effect
end organs ie: hair follicles and oil glands.
The End organ, in this case the hair follicle, responds to the most
minute alterations which may occur within the endocrine system.
Hormonal messangers are carried through the blood stream and effects
take place if the end organ responds.
The hair follicle has a receptor site which responds to the hormones
which are responsible for hair growth. These hormones can cause hair
to grow weaker or stronger, alter hair texture and colour, or grow in
lesser or excessive amounts.
However, not all receptor sites will respond to the hormones.
Excessive hair growth is only present if the end organ is sensitive to
a particular hormone. Each individuals varies greatly both internally
and externally. For example, a female of Oriental origin may be prone
to irregular perions due to high levels of androgens. Although levels
of androgens are high, the woman may not develop facial hair. This is
due to the fact that her hair follicles do not actively respond to male
hormones.
However, a Mediterranean woman may develop facial hair as her hair
follicles are more sensitive to androgens. Some women s hair follicles
are so sensitive that excessive hair growth may occur even with a
normal amount of androgens.

Hair, there and everywhere...............

HAIR STRUCTURE

Hair is made up of dead, keratinised structures which are formed within
the dermis of the skin in a small sac-like follicle. The follicle can
first be seen as a surface indentation of the epidermis layer. The
follicle is made up of two layers; the outer layer is comprised of
fibrous tissue with abundant nerves and is highly vascular.
The inner layer is made up of two layers of cells known as the outer
and inner root sheath. The outer root sheath forms the root of the
follicle.
The inner root sheath is made up of three layers of cells. Some of
these cells contain a flattened nucleus whereas other cells do not.
Elongation to the follicle occurs as the hair grows longer and deeper.
This portion of the hair which grows inside the follicle is known as
the hair root. The root which is the lowest section of a hair enlarges
at the end into a soft, light-coloured structure called the hair bulb.
The papillia projects into the hair bulb at the base of the follicle.
Made up of connective tissue and blood vessels, the papillia supplies
nourishment (through the blood) for growing cells.
Keratin is produced when the cells from the hair bulb are pushed upward
as news ceils form from beneath. The supply of nourishment is cut off
as cells move higher up and a hard protein (keratin) begins to form.
Hair cells die as keratinization takes place. By the time the hair has
reached a third of the way to the surface, the keratinization process
has been completed. The part of the hair which has keratinized and
is now above the surface of the epidermis is known as the hair shaft.

TYPES OF HAIR

There are two tpes of hair in the human body; vellus and terminal. A
third type, known as lanugo hair, is present at the foetus stage but
this is soon cast after birth. Lanugo hair is usually the first sign
of cellular activity and is replaced with hair still fine in texture
but slightly coarser.

VELLUS HAIR:
Vellus hair is found all over the body apart from the soles of the feet
and palms of the hands. This hair type is downy/ soft, fine, fluffy
and a slow growth rate begins from a follicle that is very shallow.
The sebacceous gland supplies this type of hair with nourishment and
the vellus hair remains blonde in colour as these hairs do not normally
contain melanin. The medulla is absent in this hair type.

TERMINAL HAIR:
Hair found on the scalp, eyebrows, axillary and pubic regions are known
as terminal hairs. They have well developed bulbs as they are
nourished from the dermal papilli. Vellus hairs are not as deep set
as terminal therefore bulbs are not developed. Hair of this type grow
to longer lengths than vellus hair and is a lot thicker and coarser.

So much hair, here and there, so what do we call it:
Head capilli hair:
Eyelashes: cilia
Eyebrows: supercilia
Nostrils: vibrissae
Ears: tragi
Face: barba
Armpits: hirci
Pubic region: pubes

Terminal hair is made up of three concentric layers of cells. The
inner core is known as the MEDULLA (the centre layer). Keritinized
cells interspersed with air spaces comprise the medulla. Some of these
cells also contain air which supply terminal hair with pliablity and
lightens. These air cells are also involved in creating the various
colour tones of hair by influencing the reflection of light.
Surrounding the medulla is the CORTEX. This particular layer is
comprised of elongated cells which contain granules of the pigment
melanin. Melanin gives hair its colour but blonde or grey hair have
an absence of this pigment. Melanin does not always extend to the end
of the tip resulting in the hair tip appearing colourless. Air cells
replace the melanin in white or pale hairs.
The outer layer of the hair is known as the cuticle. This layer
consists of a single layer of fine transparent scales which overlap
each other and are flat.

Introduction to hair - "Hirsutism" or should it be Her-suit-like-him

Hirsutism is the term used to define excessive terminal hair growth in
areas of the body which are androgen sensitive. The growth pattern is
that to a males, and the condition is most distressing to females who
are sufferers. Hirsutism can disable a woman psychologically as
unwanted hair is seen as socially unacceptable in many societys. In
turn, male growth patterns of hair in females may socially inhibit both
the younger and older woman.
There are numerous factors which can cause hirsutism, the first being
the endocrine system. The hormone, androgen, is produced by the sex
glands in both male and female, and is the major contributing hormone
which determines hair growth distribution in both sexes.
Genetic influences are another factor. Distribution of hair varies
immensely among differing ethnic groups.
A third factor which effects superfluous hair growth is the aging
process. As the aging process progresses, bodily functions undergo
certain changes, eg: menopause. In fact, the body can go through
numerous hormonal changes, which result in physically noticeable
effects such as excessive hair growth. Pregnancy and adolescence are
some other examples.
There are various measures which delay and eventually cause hair growth
to become obsolete such as waxing, shaving and electrolysis. There is
some controversary about which local method is the best for permanent
results. However, if such methods are not satisfying then drug
treatments are available.

Homework October 4th - 8th

Home work
October 4th 2004
Explain the following terms:
• electrolysis
• anode
• cathode.
How does a battery produce electricity
to power equipment?

What do the following measure?
• volts (V)
• amps (A) or amperes
• watts (W).
Why may amperage need to be adjusted when performing an electrical treatment to the skin?
Name three good conductors and three Poor conductors electrical appliances? Poor of electricity.
In what way do fuses protect electrical appliances?
How is the correct size of cartridge fuse selected when connecting a plug to
an appliance?

Homework 5th October
What is the function of the following components which may be found in electrical appliances?
• transformer
• capacitor
• rectifier.

How do essential oils enter the body?
Describe how the olfactory system is affected by the inhalation of aromatherapy oils.
Describe five physiological effects of essential oils on the body.
How does massage assist in the penetration of essential oils?
What are the properties of essential oils?
How is the quantity of oil selected for a client?
Why is the environment of the treatment area important when
performing aromatherapy massage?
How would you prepare the treatment area?


Homework 6th October 2004
If a client disliked the smell of the essential oils chosen what would you
do?
Why must detailed records be kept on the essential oil blends used with clients?
What are the risks associated with using undiluted oils on the skin?
Name four contra-indications to aromatherapy massage.
Why must care be taken when selecting oils for a client with sensitive skin? Which oils should not
be selected and why?

Name three oils that you could select for the following effects:
• uplighting
• relaxing
• stimulating.
What is a commercially acceptable time for a full body aromatherapy massage?
How would you choose a carrier oil in which to blend your essential oils?

Homework 7th and 8th October
What advice would you give to a client regarding the storage of essential oils?
How might a client use essential oils at home?
State the aftercare advice that should be given to a client following aromatherapy massage treatment.
Name three contra-actions that could occur following aromatherapy massage.
You are required to consider the following:
The questions you will need to ask a client when preparing her treatment plan.
How and where the information will be recorded.
Discussing the treatment plan for each client, including:
• the physical and psychological objectives of the treatment
• the consultation techniques used
• the essential oils and carrier oils selected and details of the blend quantities
• the body parts to be treated
• the massage techniques to be used and why.
Following each aromatherapy massage discuss the following:
• how long each client treatment took to complete
• the aftercare advice provided for each client including the rest period recommendation following
massage, home-care advice and further treatment recommendations
• whether the objectives of the treatment were met - client feedback as well as your own comments
• what information was added to the client records directly after treatment application.